Listen to the authors present their findings (source: March 2019 JM Webinar)
With the rise of free digital media and user-generated content, traditional newspapers and magazines were supposed to die. A funny thing happened on the way to extinction: Many are more alive than ever, thanks to their savvy embrace of digital channels and implementation of paywalls. The New York Times (NYT), LA Times, and Washington Post were early leaders in segmenting content for paying users, a trend now followed by the majority of newspapers.
While the move to paid content isn’t easy, it’s imperative. As multiple media sources have amply documented, online advertising, which is growing steadily, has not been a panacea for driving revenues and profitability. Industry estimates suggest that for every online advertising dollar gained, newspapers lose up to $16 in offline advertising dollars. A new study in the Journal of Marketing examines the issue of paywalls to understand how they are deployed, how they impact engagement, and what effect they have on offline (print) subscriptions.
Broadly speaking, heavy users bring in more subscription revenue while casual readers (typically a majority of traffic) bring in more advertising revenue, while also increasing the “footprint” of the newspaper. For the purpose of this study, heavy users were ones who read more than 4.4 pages a month. In terms of engagement, heavy readers respond less favorably than light readers to online gated content.
Online paywalls can spill over positively onto offline (print) readership and subscriptions in two ways. With the substitution effect, readers might view print and online versions of the NYT as substitutes, so an increase in the price of the online version can increase demand for print subscriptions. With the bundling effect, readers who subscribe to the print version are provided free access to online content. In this model, the online paywall increases the value of the print subscription.
To date, media coverage and academic researchers have shown a spotlight on the direct incremental online subscription revenue benefit, as the primary benefit of paywalls. They typically don’t examine engagement and usually ignore the spillover effects completely.
Our team compared changes in news consumption for the NYT after it implemented a paywall against those experienced by national newspapers of similar popularity (USA Today, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, Chicago Tribune, and New York Daily News), herein referred to as the control group. For our analysis, we leveraged the synthetic control method, which permits us to statistically nullify the influence of any observed differences between the NYT and the comparison newspapers, on the estimated impact of the NYT’s paywall on its digital engagement and offline subscriptions.
Key findings include:
- The number of unique visitors decreased by 16.8% overall as a result of the NYT paywall. Heavy users decreased by 57.2%, while light users decreased by 11.3%.
- The drop was also accompanied by a significant reduction in engagement metrics such as visits, pages consumed, and duration per visitor.
- Together, these results suggest that the quantity of advertising impressions that could be served at the NYT website decreased as a result of the paywall.
- However, the introduction of the paywall arrested the decline of print subscriptions for the NYT. When compared to readership pre-paywall, the newspaper experienced a 1-4% lift in both weekday and weekend subscriptions, as compared to the control group.
- Since 65% to 80% of revenues for newspapers such as the NYT are obtained from print editions, driving print readership can be quite beneficial. In addition, an average print reader generates $126 in print advertising, so maintaining or growing the print advertising base can help increase profitability.
- Our results suggest that the positive spillover effect was more likely driven by the NYT’s decision to offer free digital access to its print subscribers (the bundling effect), as opposed to digital readers migrating to print editions on account of the paywall (the substitution effect).
There are two broad implications of our findings. First, the results suggest that the monetization of online content, especially in the form of metered paywalls, might suppress usage among loyal consumers. This can have implications for newspapers’ future growth potential. The loss of heavy users might hamper user-generated content creation, which might be detrimental to platforms that may rely on such content in the future.
Second, for media firms, a surprising and usually overlooked insight from our research is that the monetization of online content can have positive spillover effects for offline consumption. In situations where the offline channel is significantly more lucrative than its online counterpart (which is the case for newspapers and television), charging a fee for online content might arrest the erosion of offline revenues. This study provides a framework to help managers evaluate the various implications of monetizing digital content.
From: Adithya Pattabhiramaiah, S. Sriram, and Puneet Manchanda, “Paywalls: Monetizing Online Content,” Journal of Marketing, 83 (March).
Go to the Journal of Marketing
Adithya Pattabhiramaiah is Associate Professor of Marketing, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.
S. Sriram is Associate Professor of Marketing, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan.
Puneet Manchanda is Isadore and Leon Winkelman Professor of Marketing, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan.